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Sexual Harassment at Work as A Barrier for Women Economic Development: The Case of Domestic Workers in Maputo City
Rayma Rajá
Pathways to African Feminism and Development , 2022
This research aims to Analyse the impact of sexual harassment at work, more specifically on domestic workers and on women’s economic empowerment. The target group was selected based on the qualitative methodology, using the proportional sampling and with the snowball technique, where out of 50 maids, who were interviewed, 20 maids were found to have suffered sexual harassment. According to the Standpoint theory, sexual harassment constitutes an obstacle for women’s economic empowerment, as it not only puts women employed in the domestic sector in a situation of being racially discriminated, but also at the social status level. At the racial level this happens because of the conception that white employers pay better salaries, and for fear of losing that salary, they submitted themselves to situations of harassment. At the level of social status, they are treated as people without dignity, as if the work they do is irrelevant, as it is not formally considered work like other jobs under the Mozambican law. Women domestic workers are forced to become sexually involved with their employers to guarantee their work, fearing that they will lose their jobs, and consequently will not be able to support their families.
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Marginalisation in Kenya in historical perspective (1963-2021): The starts, false starts and the last promise
Lucianna Thuo
Devolution and inclusion in Kenya: An evaluation of the first era (2012-2022), 2022
This chapter reviews the history of marginalisation in Kenya, its causes, and the constitutional, legislative and policy attempts to bridge the gap between the privileged and those on the margins. It does so by assessing the factors that led to marginalisation from the colonial era and post-independence era and how the constitutional review process grappled with addressing historical marginalisation and injustices. The chapter also identifies the various groups categorised during the constitution-making process as needing remedial measures to bring them to the same level as those who have enjoyed the provision of basic services from the National Government without discrimination. It focuses on women, youth and persons with disabilities. It argues that Kenya’s story of marginalisation has its antecedents in the colonial era but that these facets of marginalisation did not end with colonialism. Rather, the culture of exclusion merely changed form, spurred by ethnicity and class rather than race. The flame lit by the promise of decentralisation as a panacea for domination by dominant ethnic groups was quickly extinguished in the post-independence state before the inclusion process had a chance to start. While attempts were later made to redress this culture of exclusion, pre-2010 attempts at inclusion were false starts and did not have a lasting impact on reducing marginalisation. Finally, adopting the devolved government structure in the 2010 Constitution heralded another promise of inclusion. One of the objects of devolution is protecting and promoting the rights and interests of minorities and marginalised communities. This chapter concludes by exploring this promise of devolution to evaluate the effectiveness of constitutional and policy measures aimed at redressing political, social and economic exclusion. It reaches the conclusion that whereas an evaluation of the first decade of devolution reveals a mixed bag of results, the promise of the 2010 Constitution still holds, and gains made in the first ten years of implementation can be consolidated in successive cycles to make the promise a lasting one.
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Women, Conflict and Peacebuilding in Kenya
George Kabongah
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CONTRIBUTION OF FDI IN TOURISM SECTOR ON WOMEN'S SOCIO- ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE PASTORALIST COMMUNITY A CASE OF NGORONGORO CONSERVATION AREA
panin Kerika
Women economic empowerment through tourism , 2015
This study dealt with contribution of Foreign Direct Investment in tourism sector on Pastoral community in Tanzania. The main objective of the study was to examine the impact of FDI in tourism sector on women’s socio-economic empowerment in the Maasai pastoral community. The study was conducted in Ngorongoro Conservation Area. The study selected purposively three wards in NCA. Respondents were obtained by interviewing all those who were found in business areas since there was no sampling frame used. Random sampling technique was used to get the desired number of 110 respondents. The findings revealed that, women had limited opportunities in tourism sector due to lack of education. Despite such challenge research further revealed a lot of potential for women such as promotion of beadwork business to be included in the leadership in cultural Bomas, and hotels to provide incentives particularly to women so that to have the income generating groups. However, women do not get employed as coordinators in the wards campsite; this could basically be possible due to unequal representation in the leadership position within the respective ward. The study provides the following recommendations relating to policy implication; creating a business environment for the women and growing competitiveness in the supply chains that women see valuable, facilitating cross sectoral linkages, instituting a monitoring and evaluation framework for tracking the participation of women in the sector, setting allocation for business opportunities for women in the tourism shops improved cultural Bomas in the conservation area based tourism investment opportunities, establishment of platforms for women in tourism networks Women in Tourism, mobilizing resources to support grass-root tourism activities that involve women, developing an improved tourism SMMEs programme with a special emphasis on facilitating linkages to global value chains, promoting pro-poor and responsible tourism ethics among local industry players especially their linkages with grass-root and women owned businesses in general.
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THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: AN ASSESSMENT OF NABOISHO CONSERVANCY IN KENYA
Stella A . Achieng
This study argues that cultural factors and the lack of appropriate policies in Kenya and within conservancies hinder women’s participation in decision-making. On the other hand, women’s participation in decision-making in conflict management increases their effectiveness. The government has made several efforts to improve conflict management and peacebuilding in the country, including the establishment of the National Steering Committee on Peacebuilding and Conflict Management. It has developed not only a draft framework for a conflict management policy, but also a draft national policy on peacebuilding and conflict management. However, the policy often neglects gender issues, particularly in defining the role of women in conflict management, raising questions about the extent of women’s participation in the conflict management process in Kenya. This study seeks to explore how the inclusion of women in conflict management processes and decision-making in conflict-related programmes can contribute to more effective outcomes. The research design is based on a descriptive approach using a case study methodology with a focus on conservancies in Kenya, in particular the Naboisho Conservancy in the Maasai Mara. The study used purposive sampling to select key informants with specific knowledge and skills relevant to the study. A qualitative approach was used to collect data from both primary and secondary sources.
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Women’s organizations and collective action in Kenya: opportunities and challenges-the case of the Maendeleo ya Wanawake Organization
Wanjiku Mbugua
2017
This paper presents an analysis of women's organizations in Kenya and looks into their opportunities and challenges, using the Maendeleo ya Wanawake Organization (MYWO) as a case study. It analyses the development of women’s organizations in Kenya and how they have impacted on the wider women’s political empowerment. It also traces MYWO's historical origins and development, its metamorphosis and the impact it has had on women’s struggles for equality and participation in all areas of national development. Maendeleo's role in galvanizing women around different agendas in the areas of political empowerment has also been examined and an analysis of the challenges and opportunities that it has faced as a women’s rights organization has been done. The paper is divided into four sections. Section 1 focuses on the development of women’s organizations in Kenya and their impact on women’s political empowerment. Section 2 is on MYWO’s struggles to carve its niche and sustain the m...
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Women's Representation in Political Leadership during Kenyatta's Regime in Trans-Nzoia County 1963-1978
OIRC JOURNALS
International Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences , 2020
Women constitute slightly more than half of the world population and they are actively involved in socio-economic activities of their nations. In Kenya, women are under-represented in Political Leadership due to patriarchal state of the nation. Studies on women’s representation in political leadership have received little scholarly attention hence a gap in knowledge that the study intended to address. The study covered women’s representation in political leadership in Trans-Nzoia County. The period 1963 is the starting point because this was the time Kenya attained independence and formed the first Government. The year 2017 represents the recent and current government in place. The study chose Trans-Nzoia County because women have not been well represented in the political arena. Worldwide women are not well represented in Political arena. Scholars have researched on women in corporate organizations and educational institution in many other places but none has studied women’s representation in Trans-Nzoia County. The study sought to asses’ women’s representation in political leadership during Kenyatta’s regime. The study was guided by feminist theories of Gender and Patriarchy framework. Patriarchy has been advanced as a theoretical explanation of its own in accounting for the subordination of women, scholars have conceptualized patriarchy within a narrow, and wider meaning. The researcher employed the use of mixed research designs such as descriptive survey, stratified random sampling, snowball and purposive. The researcher used questionnaires and interview schedules as research instruments. The researcher collected primary and secondary sources. 139 respondents were interviewed. This included 108 registered voters, 10 female politicians and 21elderly informants who were all males. Data collected was analyzed using thematically capturing verbatim from the field and presented findings in the tables. During the study, it came out that women may not ascend to power due to financial constraints, cultural factors and beliefs, political parties favor male candidates than female candidates and violent election campaigns. Kenyatta’s government did not involve women in its administration as compared to President Moi’s regime.
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Women’s Representation in Political Regime in Trans Nzoia County
Oirc Journals
OIRC, 2020
Women constitute slightly more than half of the world population and they are actively involved in socio-economic activities of their nations. In Kenya, women are underrepresented in Political Leadership due to patriarchal state of the nation. Studies on women’s representation in political leadership have received little scholarly attention hence a gap in knowledge that the study intended to address. The study covered women’s representation in political leadership in Trans-Nzoia County. The period 1963 is the starting point because this was the time Kenya attained independence and formed the first Government. The year 2017 represents the recent and current government in place. The study chose Trans-Nzoia County because women have not been well represented in the political arena. Worldwide women are not well represented in Political arena. Scholars have researched on women in corporate organizations and educational institution in many other places but none has studied women’s representation in Trans-Nzoia County. The study sought to asses’ women’s representation in political leadership during Kenyatta’s regime. The study was guided by feminist theories of Gender and Patriarchy framework. Patriarchy has been advanced as a theoretical explanation of its own in accounting for the subordination of women, scholars have conceptualized patriarchy within a narrow, and wider meaning. The researcher employed the use of mixed research designs such as descriptive survey, stratified random sampling, snowball and purposive. The researcher used questionnaires and interview schedules as research instruments. The researcher collected primary and secondary sources. 139 respondents were interviewed. This included 108 registered voters, 10 female politicians and 21elderly informants who were all males. Data collected was analyzed using thematically capturing verbatim from the field and presented findings in the tables. During the study, it came out that women may not ascend to power due to financial constraints, cultural factors and beliefs, political parties favor male candidates than female candidates and violent election campaigns. Kenyatta’s government did not involve women in its administration as compared to President Moi’s regime.
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Tourism and community well-being: The case of the Maasai in Tanzania
Christine Buzinde
Annals of Tourism Research, 2014
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) proposes tourism as a tool through which the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be accomplished yet the goals have been criticized for their top-down conceptualization of well-being. Critics further argue that longterm improvements in the livability of indigenous communities require the MDGs to account for indigenous interpretations of well-being and development. This inquiry adopts a bottom-up approach to examine indigenous conceptions of well-being and to understand how tourism influences indigenous experiences of well-being. Informed by the body of work on community wellbeing, this study focuses on two Maasai communities, Esilalei and Oltukai, in Tanzania. The findings highlight the need for dialogue between the externally defined universal measures (i.e., MDGs) and localized conceptions of well-being.
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86 and Counting
Sammy Wakiaga
Women and representation in kenya
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